- Carbohydrate intake has long been known to affect blood sugar levels, resulting in insulin release by pancreatic cells more than other nutrients.
- Novel laboratory research now suggests that individuals might actually exhibit unique insulin responses to different nutrients, with some showing larger reactions to proteins or fat.
- It’s unclear if the findings translate to living humans, but experts are optimistic that further clinical research will enhance personalized nutrition strategies for managing blood sugar.
A groundbreaking study published in Cell MetabolismTrusted Source has shed new light on how different macronutrients—carbohydrates, proteins, and fats—might affect insulin secretion.
The study examined insulin responses in pancreatic islets from deceased human donors with and without type 2 diabetes, as well as stem cell-derived pancreatic islets.
Pancreatic islets are small clusters of pancreatic cells, including beta cells, crucial in regulating blood sugar levels by producing hormones like insulin and glucagon in response to nutrient intake.
It has long been understood that carbohydrates significantly contribute to blood sugar levels, prompting insulin release, while proteins have a moderate effect, and fats have minimal immediate impact.
However, this study suggests that insulin secretion in response to nutrients may actually be more complex and individualized than previously believed.
For the first time, researchers identified subsets of human pancreatic islets exhibiting larger insulin responses to proteins or fats than carbohydrates.
Although lab studies on pancreatic islets might not directly translate to living humans, the findings could greatly influence future personalized nutrition strategies for better blood sugar management, ultimately improving overall health outcomes.
Researchers at the University of British Columbia studied how human pancreatic islets secrete insulin in response to different nutrients.
Between 2016 and 2022, the researchers examined pancreatic islets from 140 deceased donors of various ages, including those with and without type 2 diabetes.
They exposed the islets to glucose (carbohydrates), amino acids (proteins), and fatty acids (fats) while monitoring insulin secretion.
The researchers also analyzed gene expression changes in pancreas cells from donors with and without type 2 diabetes to understand their impact on insulin production.
Using ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequencing and proteomics analysis, they measured over 20,000 messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and around 8,000 proteins. This helped them to evaluate the link between insulin production and changes in gene expression in the pancreatic islet samples.
Aligned with current understanding, most donors’ islets showed the strongest insulin response to glucose, a moderate response to amino acids, and little response to fatty acids.
As expected, compared to islets from donors without diabetes, islets from donors with type 2 diabetes had fewer insulin-producing beta cells, a delay in their peak insulin time in response to high glucose, and a lower insulin response to glucose overall.
While much of the findings were anticipated, there were some surprising results.
About 9% of donors’ pancreatic islets responded more strongly to proteins than carbohydrates, and 8% responded more strongly to fats.
Islets that reacted more to proteins often came from donors with type 2 diabetes but had similar long-term blood sugar levels (measured by HbA1c) as others. However, this heightened protein response was linked to longer lab culture times.
On the other hand, islets that reacted more to fats were usually from donors with worse HbA1c levels but were otherwise similar to other donors. The researchers suggest this reaction to fat might be due to beta cell immaturity, as observed in immature stem cell-derived islet cells.
In exploring the source of the variations, they compared donor characteristics and found no differences based on body mass index (BMI) or age. However, they did observe sex differences in insulin responses.
Specifically, compared to males, female donor islets secreted less insulin in response to moderate glucose exposure, meaning their cells were not as efficient in producing insulin.
This might be due to known sex differences in diabetes, but the underlying reasons have yet to be determined.
Overall, the results suggest that insulin responses to different nutrients may vary among individuals. However, the authors note that it’s unclear if this variability is actually due to natural differences in pancreatic islet cell responses or if adaptations to lab conditions were behind the differences.
Notably, they did not observe the same level of varied responses to different macronutrients in male and female mouse pancreatic islets of various ages. This potentially lends support to the idea that lab conditions may have influenced the responses of human islets.
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